Preparation
Hashing (SHA)
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Crypto101, by van Houtven, Chapters 10 (15 ½pages, ~7 pages)
Authentication
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of messages (HMAC, OCB)
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Crypto101, by van Houtven, Chapters 10-11 (22 ½pages, ~11 pages)
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of users (RSA)
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Crypto101, by van Houtven, Chapters 9 and 12 (19 ½pages, ~10 pages)
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Cryptosystems
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data in motion (SSL/TLS)
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Crypto101, by van Houtven, Chapter 15 (13 ½pages, ~7 pages)
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data at rest (PGP)
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Crypto101, by van Houtven, Chapter 16 (4 ½pages, ~2 pages)
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off-the-record (OTR)
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Crypto101, by van Houtven, Chapter 17 (7 ½pages, ~3 pages)
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Password storage
Lecture
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Video (HMAC, RSA, TLS), Video (PGP, password storage, OTR) (by Raúl Pardo)
Further Reading
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Password Cracking: Computerphile (20:19)
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Password Managers: Computerphile (12:08)
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SHA: Computerphile (10:20)
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HMAC: Computerphile (9:23)
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RSA: Computerphile (6:19)
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Kerberos: ComputerPhile (16:05)
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TLS: Computerphile (12:19)
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TLS attacks: LOGJAM, POODLE, BEAST, CRIME, BREACH, Heartbleed
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OTR: Computerphile (actually, this is E2EE in general) (8:11)