Preparation
History (before XOR):
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History of Cryptography, by Thawte Consulting (archived), sections 2-4 (6 pages)
Perfect Secrecy (one-time pad):
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Crypto101, by van Houtven, Chapter 5 (11 ½pages, ~5 pages)
Key generation:
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Crypto101, by van Houtven, Chapter 14 sections 14.1-14.3 but skip Nyquist (4 ½pages, ~2 pages)
Enrypt & Decrypt
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a block (AES)
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Crypto101, by van Houtven, Chapter 6 (15 ½pages, ~7 pages)
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a stream of blocks (CBC)
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Crypto101, by van Houtven, Chapter 7 sections 7.1-7.9 and 7.14-7.16 (30 ½pages, ~15 pages)
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a stream (Salsa20)
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Crypto101, by van Houtven, Chapter 7 sections 7.10-7.13 and 7.17 (16 ½pages, ~8pages)
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Key Exchange (Diffie-Hellman)
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Crypto101, by van Houtven, Chapter 8 but skip 8.4 (7 ½pages, ~4 pages)
Further Reading
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One-Time Pad (2:55)
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AES, by Computerphile (14:13)
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CBC-mode (1:57)
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CTR-mode ("jump"-able) (3:12)
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Key Exchange: Diffie-Hellman (8:37)